Another interesting result verified is the reverse cause of

Another interesting result verified is the reverse cause of poverty in the direction of the infrastructure index, which might be explained by the fact that more poverty may imply less infrastructure expenses. This empirical evidence confirms the results obtained by Rajkumar and Swaroop (2008) and Seetanah et al. (2009) as described in Section 2. With regards to other poverty determinants, we could verify through the p-values of statistics and that there is also a reverse causality of poverty against all of them, thus validating such determinants.
Conclusions As for the state budgets, we noticed a negative correlation of poverty with regards to the poverty index, which ratifies results obtained by Seetanah et al. (2009) for a sample of 20 developing countries including Brazil. In fact, in recent years, more government funds have been used to reassign income to the poorest through income transfer programs. Another interesting result is the reverse causation of poverty in the direction of the infrastructure index, which may be explained by the fact that higher poverty levels may imply less infrastructure expenses. This empirical evidence corroborates results obtained by Rajkumar and Swaroop (2008) and Seetanah et al. (2009). Additionally, since poverty causes a negative per capita GDP impact in the Granger sense, we can conclude that there is indeed a poverty vicious cycle. This vicious bradykinin receptor is aggravated due to the intense persistence of poverty.
Introduction The current paper aims to investigate the determining factors of the machine tool industry (MT) technological and competitive heterogeneity in Brazil. From a historical perspective of the ISI process, it seeks to resume some stylized facts in order to characterize them and to argue that the productive and technological dynamism of the MT industry does not depend (and did not historically depend) only on the producer’s innovative efforts. They also depend on demand structures and on their sophistication level, which, however, were conditioned by the economy institutional framework within this process. Given that companies and businessmen have a history of learning and they seek to change their productive, technological and organizational routines by implementing innovations—with the support of the institutional environment, science and technology infrastructure (S&T)—it is worth performing an analysis of the ISI regulatory framework and on the incentive environment, in which economic structures were “built” and certain technological and social capabilities were “acquired”. Therefore, the study takes the theoretical assumption that growth and development are dynamic processes that occur from the co-evolution of technology, industrial structure and institutions (Nelson, 1998, 2001; Cimoli and Katz, 2002). The technological and competitive heterogeneity among MT manufacturers has, as its basic causes, the asymmetric innovative efforts among them, the demand structures and the sophistication level as well as the different innovation efforts by users, especially regarding their revealed preference for innovation processes aimed at developing low cost products and not at innovative products to lead and open new markets, thus requiring more specialized and complex MTs. The theoretical basis of such hypothesis lies on the importance given to the intentional producer-user interaction in order to develop new capital goods (Dosi et al., 1993; Lundvall, 1992; Rosenberg, 2006). The technological capabilities of MT users are crucial to MT companies, since their sophistication is critical to the quality of interaction and to the technological development of artifacts. Since users are those who select the innovations within the market, the low innovative efforts and user’s limited technological capabilities keep MT manufacturers’ heterogeneity and the relative technological gap at an international level. Therefore, the size of the demand, its structure and sophistication level are also important.