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It was hypothesized that if modafinil acts primarily via
2020-03-18
It was hypothesized that if modafinil acts primarily via a noradrenergic mechanism, Dbh −/− mice should be non-responsive since they completely lack NE. In contrast, if modafinil acts mainly through DA systems, these mice should be hypersensitive. Modafinil was tested in Dbh −/− mice using both loco
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For a physiologically relevant interaction ligand and recept
2020-03-18
For a physiologically relevant interaction, ligand and receptor have to be expressed in the same place. Collagen II is found primarily in cartilage. DDR2 is expressed in proliferating chondrocytes in vivo, and its staining pattern in tibial growth plates is similar to that of collagen II. In additio
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RNA sequencing RNA seq is
2020-03-18
RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) is a particularly effective technology for gene discovery in a given process, especially in non-model species for which reference genome sequences are not available. Although the major application of RNA-seq analyses is the identification of differentially expressed genes (D
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Alzheimer s disease AD is a
2020-03-17
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder of the DL-α-Difluoromethylornithine hydrochloride hydrate which is considered a leading cause of dementia and affects 20–30 million people worldwide. Presently, a suitable treatment and prevention strategy against AD is h
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Some of the psychoactive actions
2020-03-17
Some of the psychoactive actions of nicotine are mediated by the nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways (Di Chiara, 2000, Di Chiara et al., 2004). The nigrostriatal pathway originates in the dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra and terminates in the putamen and nucleus caudatus which
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For any vector let and For let
2020-03-17
For any vector , let , and . For , let The information matrix for the partial likelihood at Eq. (2.2) can be expressed as It is well known that cevimeline mg under certain regularity conditions such as (A)–(D) in Andersen and Gill (1982), where and denote the maximum likelihood estimator from
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Neuroinflammation is the one of the emerging
2020-03-17
Neuroinflammation is the one of the emerging causal factors contributing to these cognitive deficits. Therefore, we further tested the hypothesis that neuroinflammation is a key component contributing to the progression of spatial memory deficits during HH. Spatial memory deficits were observed afte
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The COMT gene maps to chromosome q
2020-03-17
The COMT gene maps to chromosome 22q11.2 (Grossman et al., 1992) and has two protein isoforms. The differences between S-COMT and longer MB-COMT are in the N-termini, which use alternative translation initiation sites and promoters. These two isoforms display different affinity and capacity for COMT
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Chk is dramatically induce by the IL family of cytokines
2020-03-17
Chk is dramatically induce by the IL-4 family of cytokines and equally dramatically inhibited by IFN-γ, a regulation that appears to be specific for human monocytes. In primary human T cells, Chk is not normally present, but it can be induced by potent activators of T MC1568 such as PHA or IL-2 ((M
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Results are expressed as mean s
2020-03-17
Results are expressed as mean±s.e.m. Paired or unpaired Student\'s t test was used for comparisons between 2 groups and one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni\'s post-test for more groups. Statistical significance was assigned if p Results and discussion Variations in [Ca2+]i in cardiomyocytes loade
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In conclusion our findings suggested that EP receptor activa
2020-03-17
In conclusion, our findings suggested that EP4 receptor activation triggers apoptosis in B-cell lymphoblasts. Our results also showed that EP4 receptor engagement inactivates NF-κB, which, in turn, sensitizes Ramos Sulfo-NHS-Biotin to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutic agents. EP4 receptor agoni
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br Early developments Historically the advent of
2020-03-17
Early developments Historically, the advent of SMEPT can be traced to the 1980′s, where the first example of localized prodrug conversion was achieved using a judiciously placed enzyme – in order to achieve a localized feed of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Immobilization of E. coli-derived cytosine deam
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Currently much effort has been made to design and synthesize
2020-03-17
Currently, much effort has been made to design and synthesize ThDP analogs (such as ThTDP, ThTTDP, and triazole-ThDP in Fig. 2)8, 9, 10, 11, 12 as PDHc E1 inhibitors. These ThDP analog inhibitors, such as ThTDP and ThTTDP, can block the ThDP binding site, and exhibit significantly stronger binding a
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In summary these results are consistent with our hypothesis
2020-03-17
In summary, these results are consistent with our hypothesis that chemical nitrosation of BMAA to N-BMAA results in the formation of an alkylating agent. Furthermore, we have shown that N-BMAA is more toxic than BMAA itself. Previously, methylazoxymethanol (MAM), which is also present in the cycad n
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The first purpose of the current
2020-03-17
The first purpose of the current study was to characterize a standardized experimental model of postprandial hyperlipidemia in various rodent species. To our knowledge this study provides the most comprehensive and systematic evaluation of rodent models of postprandial hyperlipidemia to date. We ada
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