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    • br Results Table presents basic descriptive information of o

    2018-10-26


    Results Table 1 presents basic descriptive information of our data. The estimates are presented first for all tracts, then for rural and urban tracts separately, with F-test p-values for testing rural-urban differences. Average marginal effects from multivariate fractional logit regression estimates are presented in Tables 2–4. Rural and urban models are presented while the all-tract model results are available upon request. The collinearity analysis revealed no problematic multicollinearity issues, with Variance Inflation Factors (VIF) mostly within the range of 1 to 4. The highest VIF was 8.05 for tract median housing value, which is still considered acceptable (Hair, Black, Babin & Anderson, 2009). Model R2s show that for urban areas, the PTTW model had the highest explanatory power, followed by the WTW model and then the BTW model. For rural areas, however, the WTW model had the highest explanatory power, followed by the BTW model, with PPTW model having the lowest explanatory power. Out of the six environmental variables, significant urban-rural differences existed for their associations with the three AC measures. Tract herpes simplex virus infection density was positively associated with urban WTW and PTTW and rural BTW, and negatively associated with rural WTW and PTTW and urban BTW. Tract median housing age was positively associated with all three AC measures in both urban and rural tracts with the exception of an insignificant association for rural PTTW, with the largest marginal effect size found for rural WTW and urban PTTW. Tract street intersection density was positively associated with all three AC measures in urban tracts and PTTW in rural tracts, but was statistically insignificant for rural WTW and BTW. Tract green canopy was negatively associated with WTW and BTW in both urban and rural tracts and with PTTW in urban tracts, but was positively associated with PTTW in rural tracts. Longer distance to parks was positively associated with urban WTW, rural WTW, and rural PTTW, negatively associated with urban BTW and PTTW, and not associated with rural BTW. Finally, poor county air quality was negatively associated with urban WTW and BTW, positively associated with rural WTW and urban PTTW, and not associated with rural BTW and PTTW. Control variables also showed significant urban-rural differences in many variables. For economic variables, tract medium income was negatively associated with all urban and rural AC measures with the exception of a Silurian Period positive association with urban PTTW. Tract income inequality was positively associated with urban WTW and negatively associated with urban PTTW and rural WTW and PTTW. Tract median housing value was positively associated with all AC measures with the exception of a negative association with urban PTTW. Tract percent of owner-occupied housing was negatively associated with all six AC measures. For safety variables, county crime rate was negatively associated with both WTW and rural PTTW but positively associated with both BTW and urban PTTW. Percentage of workers having long commuting hours was negatively associated with both urban and rural WTW and BTW but positively associated with both urban and rural PTTW. Percentages of college dorm residents and military quarter residents were positively associated with WTW and negatively associated with BTW and PTTW for both urban and rural tracts. Older median residents’ age was positively associated with rural WTW, negatively associated with urban WTW, urban and rural BTW, and rural PTTW, but not associated with urban PTTW. With a few exceptions, higher percentages of Asians, Blacks, and Hispanics were generally negatively associated with WTW and BTW but positively associated with PTTW. Higher percentages of foreign-born was positively associated with rural WTW and PTTW but negatively associated with urban PTTW. Finally, higher percentage of college educated residents was positively associated with all three AC measures in both urban and rural tracts.