SEM has three main analytical tools confirmatory factor anal

SEM has three main analytical tools: confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), path analysis, and goodness of fit analysis (GFI) (Joreskog, 1973; Keesling, 1972). Maximum likelihood (ML) was used in this Aminoallyl-UTP Supplier research, which involves collecting data based on feelings and perception using ordinal (Likert) scale. To maximize the solution of the ML, this research performed a normality test before moving on to the primary analysis. ML estimation requires a sufficient sample size. Stevens (1996) stated that the sample size for ML estimations should be at least 15 times the number of observed variables. Assuming we employ 10 observed variables or parameters, we would require at least 150 samples for this study. This requirement was conveniently fulfilled, as our sample size (n) was 480. The proposed model was analyzed using AMOS21, an SEM software developed by SPSS.
Highlighted findings This section presents our two findings with regard to satisfaction and perceived accessibility to pedestrian spaces during the Hakata Dontaku festival based on SEM analysis. Our results reveal differences in pedestrian perceptions between normal days and festival days.
Conclusion This paper applied SEM to confirm and quantify the relationship between satisfaction and perceived accessibility to pedestrian spaces during the Hakata Dontaku Festival in Fukuoka, Japan. Amenities, safety, and mobility are the three elements that could influence pedestrian walkability. Each of these elements was constructed by using some indicators. Amenities were constructed using comfort facilities, greenery, and site views. Safety was constructed in terms of crime prevention, mode separation, traffic signs, and pavement quality. Mobility was constructed using movability, capacity, and proximity. The results of the goodness of fittest indicated that the proposed model is a good fit. Furthermore, the majority of the indicators loaded a significance value that supported their constructs.
Acknowledgment This research is supported by Grant-in-Aid for scientific research (A), Grant number 26249085 (Leader: Atsushi Deguchi), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan.
Introduction Many cities and villages in Japan have a long history. The spatial form of these historic districts has changed with the progression of urbanization, but many such districts and villages still apply old road networks as spatial frameworks. These frameworks contain not only old streets binomial system of nomenclature serve as the main prefectural roads but also winding narrow alleys that are less than 4m wide. Although traffic capacities vary, these streets complement one another and jointly constitute the road network form that fits the local lifestyle while maintaining the uniqueness of the area. People wandering in these historic districts are often fascinated by the sequence landscape along the road and the rich variations in the road itself. Thus, these historic streets must be preserved in merging modern urban design with the characteristics of the local area.
Previous studies To date, researchers in many disciplines have studied the spatial features of historic roads in Japan. In geographic research, for example, historic streets in Japan were classified according to natural and artificial road formation conditions, and the relationship between the characteristics of road sections and the use of land along the road was identified (Rin et al., 1995; Kamae et al., 1995). In landscape-related studies, the roles of the historic roads in the area within the sequence landscape were explored by analyzing the shapes and angles of the roads and of the surrounding physical environment (Iwakuma, 1997; Miyawaki, 2012; Kawakami et al., 2012). In papers discussing local communities, the influence of road spatial features in various scales on the communication behavior within the neighborhood inside blocks was determined through field investigations into the environment of historic roads in Kyoto and the functions of the buildings along the roads (Okada and Miyazaki, 2012).