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    • Activation of Akt signaling is common in nearly all of

    2021-10-15

    Activation of Akt signaling is common in nearly all of the human malignancies (Altomare & Testa, 2005). It has been reported that microRNA-200c targets Akt signaling pathway to inhibit cell apoptosis of pituitary adenoma (Liao et al., 2014). In addition, Akt signaling pathway regulates the expression of Glut-1, which plays a key role in glucose metabolism (Lo et al., 2011). In this study, microRNA-200c overexpression significantly upregulated the expression level of Glut-1 and phosphorylation level of Akt in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells. However, Akt activator treatment and Glut-1 overexpression showed no significant effect on miR-200c. Besides that, treatment with Akt activator SC79 for 1 h significantly increased the expression level of Glut-1 in both oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, but Glut-1 overexpression showed no significant effects on levels of Akt and p-Akt. Those data suggest that miR-200c is an upstream inhibitor of Akt pathway, which is an upstream of Glut-1 in the pathogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
    Conclusion
    Conflict of interest
    Introduction Lung cancer still ranks the most common cancer-cause death from cancer in the world. There are estimated to be 234,030 new cases and 154,050 deaths in 2017 (the overall ratio of mortality to incidence is 0.87) (Siegel et al., 2018). Lung cancer is a disease that is heterogeneous at the molecular level, and understanding the biological mechanisms of lung cancer is crucial for the development of effective therapies. Like other cancers, lung cancer consists of different cell clones, each with its own unique molecular signature (Borczuk et al., 2004; Yanaihara et al., 2006; Rizvi et al., 2015). The genetic variation that can be targeted in a Cy3 NHS ester found early in lung cancer has brought major changes to the way lung cancer is treated. Lung cancer therapies are no longer cytotoxic therapies based on the experience of the physician but rather are individualized targeted therapies for the presence of genetic variations in the patient's tumor or immune checkpoint inhibitors based on the level of PD-L1 expression in the patients (Herbst et al., 2016). Surgical resection is the most effective treatment for stage I, II, and some stage 3A non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but a substantial proportion of patients who undergo surgery will relapse. The 5-year survival rate was 83% for stage 1A and 36% for stage 3A. Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for NSCLC (Georgoulias et al., 2001). For unresectable patients with locally advanced NSCLC, the standard therapy is a combination of chemotherapy and thoracic radiotherapy (Slotman et al., 2015; Senan et al., 2016). The reason for the high mortality from lung cancer is that most patients have metastasized at the time of diagnosis, which means that more effective systemic therapy is needed to improve the long-term survival of patients. Targeted therapies (Pirker and Filipits, 2009) and immunotherapeutic therapies (Morse et al., 2005) developed through the discovery of targeted genetic variations have revolutionized the treatment of these patients. Therefore, the reliable predictors of the prognosis are urgently needed to discover a potential target for the therapeutic regimen of lung cancer patients. Glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein in humans encoded by the SLC2A1 gene (Rumsey et al., 1997). GLUT1 has been reported to be overexpressed in different types of human cancers and functions as a pivotal rate-limiting element in the transport of glucose in tumor cells (Higashi et al., 1998; Medina and Owen, 2002; Macheda et al., 2005). In recent years, studies have found that glucose transporter and malignant tumors, GLUT1 expression in a variety of tumors (North et al., 2000a, North et al., 2000b; Schwartzenberg-Bar-Yoseph et al., 2004). Some studies have shown that GLUT1 gene abnormal expression may be related to the enhancement of glucose metabolism in malignant cells (Kunkel et al., 2003; Tamada et al., 2012). The previous study revealed that GLUT1 variants rs3820589 and rs4658 could significantly predict the poor survival of non-small cell lung cancer patients (Lee and Park, 2018). A study based on immunohistochemistry stated that Glut1 positivity was not only associated with the progression but also the poorer prognosis of non-small cell lung carcinoma patients (Younes et al. 1997b). Further, higher GLUT1 protein level was found to be significantly associated with poor disease specific overall survival of lung cancer (Giatromanolaki et al. 2017b). However, a study carried out by Osugi et al. demonstrated that NSCLC patients with GLUT1 expression did not independently exhibit poorer overall survival compared with GLUT1-negative patients (Osugi et al. 2015b). Thus, the correlation between GLUT1 levels and survival outcome of lung cancer patients still remain controversial. Additionally, the clinicopathologic significance of GLUT1 expression in lung cancer patients was indeterminate. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to appraise the clinicopathologic implications and prognostic value of the GLUT1 expression in lung cancer patients.